Database

29 studies.

Sorted strongest evidence first.

Outcome

Level

29 of 29

Level	Study	Outcomes	n
L1	The Effectiveness of AI Chatbots in Alleviating Mental Distress and Promoting Health Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJournal of medical Internet research, 2025	Mood	–
L2	How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Extended Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Randomized Controlled StudyarXiv (preprint), 2025 · preprint	Loneliness, Dependence, Social connection	981
L2	Effect of an AI agent trained on a large language model (LLM) as an intervention for depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults: A 28-day randomized controlled trialApplied psychology. Health and well-being, 2025	Mood	865
L2	Effect of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based AI Chatbot on Depression and Loneliness in Chinese University Students: Randomized Controlled Trial With Financial Stress ModerationJMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2025	Mood, Loneliness	100
L2	AI Companions Reduce LonelinessarXiv (preprint), 2024 · preprint	Loneliness	–
L3	How Does Turning to AI for Companionship Predict Loneliness and Vice Versa?Psychological science, 2026	Loneliness	–
L3	Therapeutic Potential of Social Chatbots in Alleviating Loneliness and Social Anxiety: Quasi-Experimental Mixed Methods StudyJournal of medical Internet research, 2025	Loneliness, Mood	–
L3	Tech vs. Tradition: ChatGPT and Mindfulness in Enhancing Older Adults' Emotional HealthBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2024	Loneliness, Mood	–
L3	Mental Health Impacts of AI Companions: Triangulating Social Media Quasi-Experiments, User Perspectives, and Relational TheoryarXiv (preprint), 2025 · preprint	Loneliness, Mood, Self-harm	–
L4	Interaction with AI companions and psychological well-beingNature human behaviour, 2026	Wellbeing, Social connection	1,131
L4	Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbotsNpj mental health research, 2024	Loneliness, Self-harm	1,006
L4	Exploring artificial intelligence (AI) Chatbot usage behaviors and their association with mental health outcomes in Chinese university studentsJournal of affective disorders, 2025	Dependence, Mood	1,004
L4	Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of AI use for mental health among college studentsJournal of affective disorders, 2026	Help-seeking, Mood	675
L4	Social chatbots and emotion regulation in daily life: Examining parasocial interaction and resilience among Chinese individuals with self-reported depressive symptomsActa psychologica, 2026	Mood	488
L4	Impact of media dependence: how emotional interactions between users and chat robots affect human socialization?Frontiers in psychology, 2024	Dependence, Social connection	428
L4	Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) use and dependence: an approach from behavioral economicsFrontiers in public health, 2025	Dependence	420
L4	Chatbot Companionship: A Mixed-Methods Study of Companion Chatbot Usage Patterns and Their Relationship to Loneliness in Active UsersarXiv (preprint), 2024 · preprint	Loneliness, Dependence	404
L4	Living with and without AI: A mixed-methods study on AI usage, addiction, and 'AIlessphobia' in nursing studentsNurse education in practice, 2025	Dependence	–
L4	Psychosis Risk and Generative Artificial Intelligence Use Frequency, Motivations, and Delusion-Like Experiences: Cross-Sectional Survey StudyJournal of medical Internet research, 2026	Psychosis	–
L4	Cognitive offloading, critical thinking and attitudes towards artificial intelligence in the era of ChatGPT: a comparative study of artificial intelligence-assisted and manual task performance in young adultsCognitive processing, 2026	Cognition	–
L4	AI Chatbot Use and Disclosure for Mental Health Among US Adolescents and Young AdultsJAMA pediatrics, 2026	Help-seeking	–
L4	Help-Seeking in the Age of AI: Cross-Sectional Survey of the Use and Perceptions of AI-Based Mental Health Support Among US AdultsJMIR mental health, 2026	Help-seeking	–
L4	Loneliness and AI chatbot dependence in young adults: the mediating role of perceived social supportBMC psychology, 2026	Loneliness, Dependence	–
L4	Compulsive ChatGPT usage, anxiety, burnout, and sleep disturbance: A serial mediation model based on stimulus-organism-response perspectiveActa psychologica, 2024	Dependence, Mood	–
L5	The role of AI companions in supporting adaptive emotion regulation among university students with social anxietyDiscover mental health, 2026	Mood	20
L5	Characterizing Delusional Spirals through Human-LLM Chat LogsarXiv (preprint), 2026 · preprint	Psychosis	19
L5	"You're Not Crazy": A Case of New-onset AI-associated PsychosisInnovations in clinical neuroscience, 2025	Psychosis	1
Map	Human-like conversational agents as social partners: a scoping review of socioaffective mechanisms, well-being outcomes, risks and governance in the post-Turing eraFrontiers in artificial intelligence, 2026	Wellbeing, Dependence, Social connection	–
Map	A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbotsNPJ digital medicine, 2026	Psychosis, Mood, Dependence, Self-harm	–